Despite the rapid economic development in India in the 1990s, Indian children are shorter than those in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the first-born children in India, especially sons, are taller than their Sub-Saharan counterparts.
In a recent paper, Seema Jayachandran of the Northwestern University and Rohini Pande of Harvard University explore the stunted growth of Indian children relative to their Sub-Saharan counterparts. The authors believe that the societal biases in India, which favour male offspring over female, play an instrumental role in this regard. Their carefully crafted study offers additional nuanced explanations of the height disparities.
The ultimate goal of economic development is to achieve social justice and equity for all. The systematic biases that facilitate discrimination of the girl child, even at the hands of her family, need to be confronted. When households stop stretching their fertility in hopes of having a son, a healthier and just society will emerge in India.
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According to Unicef, globally, one in four children under the age of five is stunted. Of those, almost 50 per cent live in Asia. India holds the unfortunate distinction for one of the highest stunting rate for children.
Malnutrition is the primary cause of stunted growth in children that affects their overall health and cognitive abilities. Despite rapid economic growth in the '90s, 40 per cent of Indian children under age five remained stunted.
In neighbouring Pakistan, the situation is even worse even when the primary triggers behind the phenomenon may be different. The National Nutrition Survey in Pakistan in 2011 revealed that 44 per cent of under-five children in Pakistan were stunted.
Seema Jayachandran and Rohini Pande undertook a comparative study of children under the age of five in India and 25 Sub-Saharan countries. Their data set contained information on 174,000 children. The authors obtained data from the national Demographic and Health Surveys for comparable periods. Their findings revealed the hitherto unknown trends in stunting, resulting from Indian families’ preference for a son.
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The authors found that, on average, only the firstborn sons in India were taller than African firstborns. Furthermore, an Indian son with an older sibling was found to be taller than his African counterpart, if and only if, the Indian child was the eldest son. In addition, the India-Africa height difference was the greatest for daughters with no older brothers.
The authors’ discovery about the impact of birth order was equally startling. The second-born child in India was shorter than the Sub-Saharan African child was. At the same time, higher birth order children in India were even worse off.
How much of the stunted growth among Indian children is caused by genes?
Earlier research indicates that Indian children, post migration, are able to narrow the height gap with the rest of the world, yet are seldom able to close it. However, even if genetics were partially responsible for the stunted growth of Indian children, it would still not explain the intra-family differences in stunting between genders and birth order.
The authors believed that their peculiar findings were a result of the families’ preference for eldest sons, i.e., having at least a son or the eldest son to be healthy. Such preferences result in unequal distribution of resources.
That is the reason that second-born children in India are taller than those in sub-Saharan Africa, only when the second-born was the eldest son. This happens because the eldest son, despite being second-born, competes for family’s resources against the older female sibling.
The authors explain that when a mother repeatedly gives birth to daughters, the family keeps trying for more children, hoping that the next birth will result in a male offspring. Such families end up having more children than they had initially intended. These families would consider the birth of a girl an undesirable outcome, which will result in even fewer resources spent on the newborn. This causes the stunting to be increasingly worse for the second and later order births in India.
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The expecting parents, when ignorant of the gender of the fetus, expend resources to ensure a safe pregnancy. However, when a girl is born, the families automatically revise their fertility plans by preparing for yet another pregnancy in the hope of giving birth to a son. The afterbirth spending of resources on the girl child is thus reduced, resulting in stunted growth.
There remains yet another interesting finding in this research. When the same phenomenon was studied separately for Hindus and Muslims in India, the authors did not find evidence of stunting for second and higher order births among Indian Muslims.
The authors believe this is a result of the fact that Islam does not put the same emphasis on having sons. Similarly, the authors found no evidence for birth order differences in stunting in Kerala, which is an Indian State with one of the highest literacy rates and matriarchal traditions.
The girl child in South Asia needs the State’s protection so that she may also grow up to be healthy and contribute to the well-being of her family and society. A healthy and prosperous society is not possible without healthy daughters and sons.
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